Biomedical
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HRV have been widely used as diagnostic tool to assess the
interrelation between the autonomic regulation and several diseases. Myriad
number of study investigating the HRV during a designed physiological test
namely autonomic function test (AFT). It is used to observe the HRV response
to the external stimulation such as physiological and environment stimuli
need to be observed. Autonomic function test has played an essential role in
assessing the operational function of autonomic nervous system specifically
in evaluating and diagnosing autonomic dysfunction. It also has been proposed
as early detection tool for several diseases which related to autonomic
function. Precise analysis is very important in assessing the HRV changes.
Very poor analysis may not show the small differences occurred. In order to
get a precise assessment, the HRV processing method is a crucial part and
need to be emphasized. Processing techniques of HRV was start with the linear
analysis including time and frequency domain. It was expand to time-frequency
analysis which provide more precise localize analysis. More sensitive
techniques from non-linear analysis have been introduced in HRV analysis and
this method can detect subtle change in intrinsic properties of HR dynamics.
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Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been widely used as a
diagnostic tool to assess its interrelation with autonomic regulation for a
number of diseases. This review found a good number of specifically designed
physiological evalutations of HRV that
have chosen the autonomic function test (AFT) for this purpose. With AFT, HRV
is observed when external stimulation such as physiological and environmental
stimuli is triggered and responses recorded. Autonomic function testing (AFT)
has played an essential role in assessing the operational function of the
autonomic nervous system, specifically in evaluating and diagnosing autonomic
dysfunction. Hence, in this review, AFT has been proposed as an early
detection tool for a number of diseases in which changes in autonomic function
acts as an indicator of the disease.
It is to be noted that in assessing changes in HRV, precise analysis
is of the utmost importance. Poor analytical
techniques will not show small differences brought about by small changes in
HRV. Choice of appropriate processing method is of critical importance in
order to obtain an accurate assessment. In the beginning, a good processing
method used a linear
analysis incorporating domains of time and frequency separately.This was
extended to the use of a time-frequency analysis in order
to obtain a more precise and localized analysis. More sensitive techniques
utilise non-linear analysis as these are more efficient at detecting subtle
changes in the intrinsic properties of the dynamics of heart rate (HR).
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Perubahan denyutan jantung
Faktor ke atas nodus
SA sama ada meningkat
atau menurunkan
kadar denyutan jantung adalah untuk mengubah pengeluaran kardiak. Kadar
denyutan jantung ini berubah dengan kegiatan fizikal dan setiap postur badan
(contohnya; duduk, berdiri dan berbaring) (Jouanin et al., 2004). Kadar
denyutan yang lebih rendah adalah baik untuk jantung kerana meringankan beban
kerjanya untuk mengepam darah keseluruhan badan terutamanya kepada otak.
Antara faktor yang
mempengaruhi kadar
denyutan jantung
semasa posisi tubuh badan
berlaku adalah
kedudukan jantung relatif kepada
kepala juga jarak
antara jantung dan tanah (daya
graviti). Kadar
denyutan bergantung kepada
kedudukan antara
jantung dengan kepala kerana
jantung perlu
mengepam darah ke otak secara bertentangan hala dengan rintangan graviti
ketika posisi tegak.
Solat dan Posisinya
Solat yang dilakukan
bukan sahaja dengan
membaca surah
Al-Quran dan bacaan khusus,
tetapi juga
melibatkan pergerakan badan
tertentu. Pergerakan
dan posisi badan dalam
perlakuan solat
merangkumi berdiri (qiyyam),
rukuk, sujud dan
duduk tahiyat (Rezaet al.,
2002).
Kedudukan rukuk,
sujud, dan duduk (tashahud)
memberikan rehat
kepada jantung di mana kadar denyutan jantungnya lebih rendah berbanding
berdiri. Ini adalah kerana faktor jarak antara graviti kepada jantung. Dari
itu, kita digalakkan untuk memanjangkan tempoh posisi sujud kerana kedudukan
ini menghasilkan nilai kadar denyutan yang paling rendah.
Pengukuran denyutan jantung
Kadar denyutan
jantung adalah ukuran kadar
jantung berdenyut
setiap minit. Kadar ini diukur
dalam unit denyut
per minit (bpm) enggunakan
elektrokardigram
(EKG). EKG adalah satu alat
yang mencatatkan
perubahan potensial elektrik
yang terjadi dalam
jantung dengan memasang
elektrod pada tubuh
badan seseorang.
Gelombang PQRST yang
dihasilkan oleh EKG
menunjukkan proses
depolarisasi yang berlaku
pada otot jantung
dan memberi nilai denyutan
jantung (bpm) (Raman
et al., 1995).
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Perubahan Denyutan Jantung
Kesan nodus SA sama
ada dalam meningkat atau menurunkan kadar denyutan jantung akan mengubah
aktiviti kardiak. Kadar denyutan jantung ini berubah mengikut kegiatan
fizikal dan perubahan dalam postur badan (contohnya; semasa duduk, berdiri
dan berbaring) (Jouanin et al., 2004). Kadar denyutan yang lebih rendah
adalah baik untuk jantung kerana ia meringankan beban kerjanya semasa
mengepam darah ke seluruh badan terutamanya ke otak.
Kadar denyutan
jantung dipengaruhi oleh posisi tubuh badan di mana kedudukan jantung adalah
relatif dengan kepala dan juga jarak antara jantung dan tanah (daya graviti).
Kadar denyutan dipengaruhi oleh kedudukan antara jantung dengan kepala
disebabkan jantung perlu mengepam darah ke otak secara bertentangan hala
dengan rintangan graviti ketika tubuh badan di posisi tegak.
Posisi Tubuh Badan Ketika Bersolat
Solat bukan sahaja
dilakukan dengan bacaan surah-surah Al-Quran khusus, tetapi ia juga
melibatkan pergerakan bahagian badan tertentu. Pergerakan badan dalam
perlakuan solat merangkumi posisi berdiri (qiyyam), rukuk, sujud dan duduk
tahiyat (Reza et al., 2002). Kedudukan
rukuk, sujud, dan duduk (tasyahud) akan memberikan rehat kepada jantung di
mana kadar denyutan jantung lebih rendah berbanding ketika berdiri. Ini
adalah kerana jarak antara graviti dan jantung adalah dekat. Oleh itu, kita
digalakkan untuk memanjangkan tempoh sujud kerana posisi ini menghasilkan
nilai kadar denyutan yang paling
rendah.
Pengukuran Denyutan Jantung
Kadar denyutan
jantung adalah ukuran kadar jantung berdenyut setiap minit. Kadar ini diukur
dalam unit denyut per minit (bpm) dengan menggunakan elektrokardiogram (EKG). EKG adalah sebuah alat yang
mencatatkan perubahan potensi elektrik yang berlaku dalam jantung melalui
pemasangan elektrod pada tubuh badan seseorang. Gelombang PQRST yang dihasilkan
oleh EKG menunjukkan proses depolarisasi yang
berlaku pada otot
jantung dan memberi nilai denyutan jantung (bpm) (Raman et al., 1995).
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Orthopaedics
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The purpose of this report is to analyzed the
incidence of Infection After Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Reconstruction and our experience in the diagnosis and management.
Retrospective review of all the arthroscopic ACL
Reconstruction performed in Hospital Kuala Lumpur between 2006 till Mac 2012.
The incidence of Infection after ACL
Reconstruction was 3.2 %. The most common symptoms of the infected patients
were fever, swelling, severe pain and restricted motion. The Erythrocyte
Sedimentation Rate and C-Reactive
Protein level were markedly elevated. There were
8 Intra-articular Infection and 2 were Extra-articular deep infection. 4
cases presented acutely (< 2 weeks) and another 6 cases presented after 2
weeks. Microbiology showed that Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus Aureus
(CONSA) was the most common bacterium
isolated in Intra-articular infection and Staph
Aureus in Extra-articular infection. Gentamicin is the most sensitive
antibiotic for CONSA and Cloxacilin is the most sensitive antibiotic for
Staph aureus. All patient underwent arthroscopic
debridement and 3 patients had the ACL graft
removed.
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The purpose of this report is to analyze the
incidence of infection after
arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
reconstruction and our experience
in its diagnosis and management.
Below is given a retrospective review of all the arthroscopic
ACL reconstruction
procedures performed in Hospital Kuala Lumpur
between 2006 till Mac 2012.
The incidence of infection after ACL
reconstruction was 3.2 %. The most
common symptoms suffered by the infected patients
were fever, swelling,
severe pain and restricted motion. Their
erythrocyte sedimentation rate and
C-reactive protein levels were markedly elevated.
There were 8 Intra-articular
infections of which 2 were extra-articular deep
infection. Four cases presented
acutely (<2 weeks) and another 6 cases
presented after 2 weeks. Microbiology
showed that coagulase-negative staphylococcus
aureus (CONSA) was the most
common bacterium isolated in intra-articular
infection, and the staph aureus in
extra-articular infection. Gentamicin is the most
sensitive antibiotic for CONSA
and Cloxacilin the most sensitive for staph
aureus. All patients underwent
arthroscopic debridement and 3 patients had their
ACL graft removed.
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Leadership is influencing people by providing
purpose, direction and motivation while operating to accomplish the mission
and improving the organization. Meanwhile Command is a specific and legal
position unique to the military. Like all leaders, commanders are responsible
for the success of their organizations, but commanders have special
accountability to their superiors, the institution, and the nation.
Commanders must think deeply and creatively, for their concerns encompass
yesterday’s heritage, today’s mission and tomorrow’s force. To maintain their
balance among all the demands on them, they must exemplify military values.
The nation as well as the military, holds commanders accountable for
accomplishing the mission, keeping the institution sound and caring for its
people. Lieutenant General Yamashita Tomoyuki was one of the greatest
strategic leaders of Japan during World War 11. His example demonstrates the
skills and action has been identified as the hallmarks of strategic and
operational leadership.
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Leadership is the act of
influencing people by providing them purpose, direction and motivation while
conducting operations to accomplish the organisation’s mission and improving
it. Meanwhile, Command on the other hand is a specific and legal position
unique to the military. Like all leaders, commanders are responsible for the
success of their organizations, but commanders have a special accountability
not only to their superiors, but also their institution and the nation.
Commanders must think deeply and creatively, for it is imperative that their
concerns encompass yesterday’s heritage, today’s mission and tomorrow’s
force. On order to maintain their balance with all the competing demands on
them, they must exemplify correct military values. The nation as well as the
military, holds commanders accountable for accomplishing the mission, keeping
the institution sound and having the welfare of its people foremost. One
example of such leadership qualities were exhibited by the remarkable
Lieutenant General Yamashita Tomoyuki who was one of the greatest strategic
leaders of Japan during World War 11. Yamashita’s leadership style provides
an example of the skills and actions that have been acknowledged as the
hallmarks of strategic and operational military leadership. |
Environment
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Sabah Parks defines
the zoning
of Tunku Abdul
Rahman Park by
restricting the type
of activities
according to the
marine conditions at
different locations.
Most activities are
allowed at each of
the islands although
the area designated
for each activity
differs.
There are also
beaches allocated for
swimming together
with snorkeling
and diving at Pulau
Mamutik, Pulau
Manukan and Pulau
Sulug. Buoys are
used to mark the
boundaries to prohibit
motorized vessels
and jettyies are
strictly out of
bounds for swimmers,
divers or snorkelers
to prevent
accidents.
The zoning method
helps to define
the activities for
different areas, at the
same time the buoys
help to define the
area that is safe
for selected activities
to be carried out
within the boundaries.
The other advantage
of zoning is to
allow closure for
selected zone over a
defined period in
aid of conservation in
the protected area.
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Sabah Parks
Authority has
established the
zoning of
Tunku Abdul Rahman
Park by
designating
different locations
for different types
of activities
based on the marine
conditions
of these locations.
In the case
of the islands, most
activities
are allowed although
the area
designated for each
activity
differs.
Beaches have been
allocated
for swimming
together with
snorkeling and
diving and
these include
beaches at Pulau
Mamutik, Pulau
Manukan and
Pulau Sulug. Buoys
are used
to mark specific
boundaries to
prevent motorized
vessels from
entering the waters
and jetties
are strictly out of
bounds for
swimmers, divers or
snorkelers
in the interest of
preventing
accidents.
The zoning method
helps to
define the
activities for different
areas; at the same
time the
buoys help to
demarcate the
area that is safe
for specified
activities within
its boundaries.
The other advantage
of zoning is
that it allows
closure of selected
zones over a defined
period to
assist in
conservation work in the
protected area.
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Education
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The study was conducted among 97 non-English major students coming
from international trade, computer science and tourism for quantitative study
and another 11 subjects out of the 97 students for qualitative
study in a Private university in Xi’an City. The purpose was to investigate
the factors affecting students’ English achievement and examine the relations
between the social and personal factors and English achievement. Five aspects
in social and personal factors, namely parents’ influence, teachers’
influence, English language use/exposure, students’ attitude and motivation
were examined respectively, at the same time students were divided into three
levels, high, middle, and low level so that there were deeper analysis and
more detailed information obtained. It was found there were similarities and
some differences from the quantitative and qualitative study. Parents and
teachers did not affect students language achievement in quantitative study;
in qualitative study, it was found from the students’ perceptions, they
thought teachers had some influence to their English language achievement.
For most students, their parents and teachers had high expectation to their
English language learning, relatively for high level students, their parents
and teachers concern and encourage them more than to other students. As to
English language use/exposure, the more English use/exposure students had,
the higher they achieved in English learning, especially for high achievers,
this was found in both the quantitative and qualitative study. Students all
had high positive attitude and some strong motivation to English language
learning, for high achievers, they achieved higher with such attitude and
motivation. For middle and low level students, they achieved lower, the
findings were similar in both quantitative and qualitative study. In
qualitative study, one obvious difference is that some low achieving students
realized what their weaknesses were. In conclusion, it was hoped that through
the study some light is shown for the teaching and learning of non-English
major students in private university.
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A study was
conducted comprising a quantitative survey of 97 students and a qualitative
study involving 11 students enrolled in international trade, computer science
and tourism courses at a private university in Xi’an City, Shaanxi Province
in order to investigate the social and personal factors affecting students’
English language proficiency. These factors are parental influence, teachers’
influence, students’ English language use/exposure, attitude and motivation.
Students were grouped as high achievers, middle-level achievers, and low
achievers for purposes of obtaining a deeper analysis. Results from the
quantitative study found that parental and teachers’ influence did not affect
students’
language achievement
greatly; but, the qualitative study found that students perceived
that teachers had
some influence on their English language achievement. Parents and
teachers had high
expectations of almost all students especially parents of high achieving
students. Teachers
were prone to be more concerned and communicated more with high
achievers than
middle and low. The more English use/exposure students had, the higher their
achievement. All students have high positive attitudes and some are motivated
to learn English. For the high achievers, their achievement was positively correlated with
their good attitude,
motivation and good language use/exposure, unlike low achievers
who had low
motivation and low use/exposure. It is hoped that the study can shed some
light on teaching and learning of students at the tertiary level in China and
point to directions to further improve the teaching and learning of English
among these students.
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